Agroforestry Practices and Livelihood Outcomes: Evidence from Sub-Division Darazinda, District Dera Ismail Khan

Abstract

Agroforestry, the deliberate integration of trees with agricultural crops, represents a sustainable land-use strategy that strengthens rural livelihoods and ecological resilience. By expanding tree cover and meeting rising timber and fuelwood needs, it provides both economic and environmental benefits. Diversifying farm income, improving ecosystem services, and enhancing climate adaptability further highlight its value. This study investigates the current status of agroforestry and its socioeconomic effects on farmers in Sub-Division Darazinda, District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Results indicate that about 20-30 % of local farmers engage in agroforestry—primarily through Agri-Silviculture and boundary planting—motivated by financial returns and environmental considerations. Predominant species such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis (roughly 40-60 % of trees) and Dalbergia sissoo (5-15 %) generate annual earnings of Rs. 60,000-100000 per hectare. Additional income, estimated at Rs. 5,000-15,000 per hectare, is derived from non-timber products such as fodder from Acacia nilotica. Overall, agroforestry in Darazinda emerges as a practical pathway to sustainable development, advancing both livelihood security and climate goals. Nevertheless, its wider adoption is hindered by policy shortcomings, market constraints, technical limitations, and socioeconomic challenges.